Bohuslav Martinů stands as a towering figure in 20th-century classical music. Born in Bohemia in 1890, this Czech composer left a permanent mark on the musical landscape with his unique blend of folk influences and modernist techniques. Martinů’s prolific output, spanning orchestral works, chamber music, and operas, has secured his place among the most significant composers of his era.
Throughout his life, Martinů’s musical journey took him from his humble beginnings in Polička to the vibrant artistic circles of Paris and eventually to the United States. His experiences shaped his distinctive compositional style, which evolved from neoclassical roots to embrace more experimental forms. This article explores Martinů’s early life, education, his influential years in Paris, and his later period in exile, shedding light on the development of this remarkable composer’s artistry and legacy.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Bohuslav Martinů’s early life was marked by an extraordinary upbringing. Born in 1890 in Polička, Bohemia, he spent his first 11 years living in a small room atop the St. James Church bell tower. His father, a cobbler, worked as the tower keeper, clockwinder, and fire watchman. This unique environment had a profound influence on Martinů’s musical development. The constant presence of bells and the church clock’s tick-tocking likely influenced his compositions, particularly evident in works like the scherzo of his Third Symphony. Despite being a sickly child often carried up the tower’s 193 steps, Martinů showed early musical promise. He began studying violin at age six and gave his first public concert in Polička in 1905. His formal education at the Prague Conservatory from 1906 was short-lived, as he was expelled from the organ course after a year for “incorrigible negligence.”
Education and Early Career
Bohuslav Martinů’s formal education began in 1906 when he entered the Prague Conservatory, funded by his supportive hometown community. Despite his musical talent, Martinů struggled with the rigid pedagogy and required practice hours. He preferred exploring Prague, attending concerts, and self-directed learning. His roommate, Stanislav Novák, was impressed by Martinů’s ability to analyze and memorize new music, particularly French impressionist works. This skill contrasted sharply with his poor academic performance. In 1910, Martinů was dismissed from the Conservatory for “incorrigible negligence.” Later, he studied composition with Josef Suk and worked with Albert Roussel in Paris, whose muscular, rhythmically vigorous music influenced Martinů’s style. In 1920, Martinů became a full member of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Václav Talich, who became an early promoter of his work.
The Paris Years
Bohuslav Martinů moved to Paris in 1923 to study with Albert Roussel. This marked the beginning of a prolific period in his career. The French capital, a hub for artists and musicians in the 1920s and ’30s, exposed Martinů to diverse musical influences. Initially struggling to adjust to Paris’s avant-garde scene, Martinů’s style evolved under Roussel’s guidance. He shifted from Impressionism to a leaner, more angular compositional approach, incorporating neo-baroque and neo-classical elements. Martinů’s discovery of Stravinsky’s works in 1924 significantly impacted his compositions. His 1925 piece “Half-Time” marked a new chapter, showcasing rhythmic and dynamic elements indicative of Stravinsky’s influence. Martinů also explored jazz in works like “La revue de cuisine” (1927) and the Sextet for woodwinds and piano (1929).
Exile and Later Years
Bohuslav Martinů fled to the United States in 1941, escaping Nazi oppression. Despite financial struggles and homesickness, he found success with major East Coast orchestras, which embraced his Symphonies Nos. 1-5, composed between 1942 and 1946. Martinů’s American period was marked by prolific composition and teaching at prestigious institutions like Tanglewood, Mannes, Princeton, and Curtis. A near-fatal accident in 1946 left him partially deaf in one ear. In 1953, Martinů returned to Europe, settling in France, Italy, and Switzerland. His later works, such as the Fantaisies Symphoniques (Symphony No. 6), showcased a more rhapsodic, neo-impressionistic style. Martinů died in 1959 in Liestal, Switzerland, and was initially buried at the Sacher Estate.
Conclusion
Bohuslav Martinů’s journey from a small Czech town to the world stage of classical music is a testament to his talent and determination. His unique upbringing in a church tower and his early exposure to diverse musical influences had a profound impact on his compositional style. Martinů’s time in Paris and later in the United States broadened his musical horizons, leading to a blend of folk elements, modernist techniques, and jazz influences in his work.
